CONTRAST THERAPY
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Contrast therapy involves the integrated use of hot and cold immersion leading to rapid yet beneficial physiological changes. Significant evidence has demonstrated that contrast therapy is overtly superior to passive recovery or rest following exercise. At Base State, we follow these principles and offer Contrast Therapy in a private setting in rooms containing both infrared sauna and cold-water immersion modalities.
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A systematic review of the literature found that contrast therapy is definitively superior to using passive recovery or rest after exercise (1)
A comprehensive meta-analysis of pooled data from numerous studies showed significant improvement in muscle soreness and reductions in creatine kinase for Contrast Therapy subjects compared to passive therapy subjects
(55–57) Multiple reports demonstrate improved muscle strength (from Baseline) in Contrast Therapy subjects compared to cold water immersion alone (58) In controlled studies, Contrast Therapy has also been shown to increase the rate of plasma lactate clearance following intense anaerobic exercise,(52,59) reduce muscle spasm and inflammation, and improve range of motion
(60) Even a short (30 min) Contrast Therapy session can improve intramuscular hemodynamics and oxygenation (and tissue oxygen saturation index)
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55. Bieuzen, F., Bleakley, C. M. & Costello, J. T. Contrast water therapy and exercise induced muscle damage: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 8, e62356 (2013).
56. Kuligowski, L. A., Lephart, S. M., Giannantonio, F. P. & Blanc, R. O. Effect of whirlpool therapy on the signs and symptoms of delayed-onset muscle soreness. J Athl Train 33, 222–8 (1998).
57. Ingram, J., Dawson, B., Goodman, C., Wallman, K. & Beilby, J. Effect of water immersion methods on post-exercise recovery from simulated team sport exercise. J Sci Med Sport 12, 417–21 (2009).
58. Morton, R. H. Contrast water immersion hastens plasma lactate decrease after intense anaerobic exercise. J Sci Med Sport 10, 467–70 (2007).
59. Myrer, J. W., Draper, D. O. & Durrant, E. Contrast therapy and intramuscular temperature in the human leg. J Athl Train 29, 318–22 (1994).
60. Shadgan, B., Pakravan, A. H., Hoens, A. & Reid, W. D. Contrast Baths, Intramuscular Hemodynamics, and Oxygenation as Monitored by Near-Infrared Spectroscopy. J Athl Train 53, 782–787 (2018).
COMPRESSION
THERAPY
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Compression therapy is a modality that utilizes controlled pressure along your extremities to improve blood flow and lymphatic circulation. The lymphatic system allows the body to properly drain toxins, excess waste and fluids as well as absorb fatty acids and transport fats while aiding in the production of immune cells.
Our suits deliver automated and sequential compression with pressure that can strengthen vein support to promote wound healing. The BallancerPro® system peristaltic (wave like) massage has been shown to enhance enhance blood circulation in the skin, as well as oxygenation and detoxification of deep tissue in the cells.The Ballancer®Pro system provides compression ranging between 20-80 mmHg, compared to other mainstream compression garments that typically provide up to 15 mmHg.
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(15) A Systematic Review of the literature found that manual lymphatic drainage techniques alone demonstrate efficacy in sports medicine and rehabilitation for the resolution of enzyme serum levels associated with acute skeletal muscle cell damage
(16–18) Compression therapy has been shown to reduce exercise-associated muscle damage (EAMD) symptoms and enhance muscle recovery and strength following intense levels of exercise
(19) In a preclinical study is horses with lymphedema, pneumatic compression therapy led to a significantly faster lymphatic flow using a lymph tracer to predetermined anatomic locations
(20) In a randomized study of 24 leg lymphedema patients, the use of a pulsating lymphatic massage suit (65 mmHg) decreased total volume more than intermittent pneumatic compression (47 mmHg) when adjusted to the baseline
(21) Contrast Therapy mixed with Compression Therapy (a service offered at Base State) was found to enhance muscle function recovery and attenuate glycogen disruption after exercise in a Randomized Controlled Trial
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15. Vairo, G. L., Miller, S. J., McBrier, N. M. & Buckley, W. E. Systematic review of efficacy for manual lymphatic drainage techniques in sports medicine and rehabilitation: an evidence-based practice approach. J Man Manip Ther 17, e80-9 (2009).
16. Kraemer, W. J. et al. Effects of a whole body compression garment on markers of recovery after a heavy resistance workout in men and women. J Strength Cond Res 24, 804–14 (2010).
17. Hill, J., Howatson, G., van Someren, K., Leeder, J. & Pedlar, C. Compression garments and recovery from exercise-induced muscle damage: a meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med 48, 1340–6 (2014).
18. Colantuono, V. M. et al. Contrast With Compression Therapy Enhances Muscle Function Recovery and Attenuates Glycogen Disruption After Exercise. Sports Health 15, 234–243 (2023).
19. Koch, D. W., Schnabel, L. V., Reynolds, J. & Berry, C. R. Pneumatic compression therapy using the EQ Press accelerates lymphatic flow in healthy equine forelimbs as determined by lymphoscintigraphy. Am J Vet Res 1–6 (2023) doi:10.2460/ajvr.22.12.0214.
20. Jonas, P. et al. Efficacy of the Stendo Pulsating suit in patients with leg lymphedema: a pilot randomized study. European Journal of Dermatology 26, 82–89 (2016).
21. Colantuono, V. M. et al. Contrast With Compression Therapy Enhances Muscle Function Recovery and Attenuates Glycogen Disruption After Exercise. Sports Health 15, 234–243 (2023).
COLD
IMMERSION
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Cold immersion has certainly gained in popularity in recent years with the emergence of outspoken personalities such as Wim Hof and Joe Rogan that have pushed the therapy into the mainstream. However, cold water immersion is an ancient principle practiced by many cultures that elicits a beneficial physiological challenge to various organ systems. Furthermore, Scandinavians have long lauded the benefit of integrated sauna and cold plunging to rid toxins, increase blood flow, recover, and rejuvenate through endorphin release.
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(40) This recent database survey of the literature outlines the numerous effects of cold-water immersion on several physiological and biochemical parameters (41)Shivering alone produces about 5 times more heat versus basal metabolic heat production. (42) In Cold water immersion settings, metabolic energy production including cell respiration is responsible for additional heat production through mechanisms associated with longevity. (43) Although more body heat is produced during physical activity, shivering during cold water immersion produces more heat due to less heat loss from convection during movement. (44–46) Preclinical studies in mice have demonstrated mechanistic drivers linking cold therapy exposure to production of brown adipose tissue (BAT) and associated reductions in plasma triglyceride levels and obesity (47–49) Several studies in human participants have demonstrated the ability of cold-water immersion to induce stimulation of norepinephrine, a neurotransmitter important for arousal, alertness, mood, and pain reduction (50) In a cohort study, cold-adapted subjects showed improvement in blood profiles for oxidative stress markers and cardiovascular risk factors versus non-adapted controls (51) Cold exposure has been found to have a direct effect on progenitor cell plasticity (52) In a controlled study, cold water immersion following exercise was found to divert blood flow to the skin from muscle suggesting protective effects exercise-induced muscle damage during recovery (53)Adiponectin (a putative pro-longevity hormone), (54)has been shown to increase in response to cold exposure in adipose tissue of adult men
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40.Espeland, D., de Weerd, L. & Mercer, J. B. Health effects of voluntary exposure to cold water – a continuing subject of debate. Int J Circumpolar Health 81, (2022).
41. Swift, R. W. The Effects of Low Environmental Temperature upon Metabolism. J Nutr 5, 227–249 (1932).
42. Martin, S. & Cooper, K. E. Factors which affect shivering in man during cold water immersion. Pflugers Arch 391, 81–3 (1981).
43. Haman, F. & Blondin, D. P. Shivering thermogenesis in humans: Origin, contribution and metabolic requirement. Temperature (Austin) 4, 217–226 (2017).
44. Khedoe, P. P. S. J. et al. Brown adipose tissue takes up plasma triglycerides mostly after lipolysis. J Lipid Res 56, 51–9 (2015).
45. Bartelt, A. et al. Brown adipose tissue activity controls triglyceride clearance. Nat Med 17, 200–5 (2011).
46. Berbée, J. F. P. et al. Brown fat activation reduces hypercholesterolaemia and protects from atherosclerosis development. Nat Commun 6, 6356 (2015).
47. Leppäluoto, J. et al. Effects of long‐term whole‐body cold exposures on plasma concentrations of ACTH, beta‐endorphin, cortisol, catecholamines and cytokines in healthy females. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 68, 145–153 (2008).
48. Kauppinen, K., Pajari-Backas, M., Volin, P. & Vakkuri, O. Some endocrine responses to sauna, shower and ice water immersion. Arctic Med Res 48, 131–9 (1989).
49. Huttunen, P., Rintamäki, H. & Hirvonen, J. Effect of regular winter swimming on the activity of the sympathoadrenal system before and after a single cold water immersion. Int J Circumpolar Health 60, 400–6 (2001).
50. Kralova Lesna, I., Rychlikova, J., Vavrova, L. & Vybiral, S. Could human cold adaptation decrease the risk of cardiovascular disease? J Therm Biol 52, 192–198 (2015).
51. Chen, Y. et al. Thermal stress induces glycolytic beige fat formation via a myogenic state. Nature 565, 180–185 (2019).
52. Gregson, W. et al. Influence of cold water immersion on limb and cutaneous blood flow at rest. Am J Sports Med 39, 1316–23 (2011).
53. Atzmon, G. et al. Adiponectin levels and genotype: a potential regulator of life span in humans. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 63, 447–53 (2008).
54. Imbeault, P., Dépault, I. & Haman, F. Cold exposure increases adiponectin levels in men. Metabolism 58, 552–9 (2009).
RED LIGHT
THERAPY
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Red Light Therapy (RLT) uses low wavelength visible red light to target and penetrate skin cells to improve conditions associated with aging such as reducing wrinkles and discoloration, through a process called photobiomodulation. RLT works by enhancing cellular function deep inside your tissues, through stimulation of mitochondria energetics leading to more ATP production. Evidence suggests that this stimulation may aid in wound healing, inflammation, muscle recovery, and skin rejuvenation.
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(1–4) Red Light exposure alters cell signaling and stimulates ATP production in mitochondria
(5-6) Photobiomodulation using Low level light has long been shown to promote wound healing
(7-8) Red and near-Red Light wavelengths can penetrate 2-3 cm of tissue and have anti-aging restorative effects on cells and tissue
(9) Numerous studies in humans have reported neuroprotective effects including improved executive, emotional, and cognitive function using Red and near-Red Light therapy (10) Several preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated the efficacy of low-level light therapy in muscle fatigue, performance, and recovery
(11–14) Multiple clinical studies have shown that RLT can improve skin complexion, feeling, collagen density, or photorejuvenation via enhanced cellular metabolic activity
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1. Karu, T. I. Mitochondrial Signaling in Mammalian Cells Activated by Red and Near-IR Radiation. Photochem Photobiol 84, 1091–1099 (2008).
2. Passarella, S. et al. Increase of proton electrochemical potential and ATP synthesis in rat liver mitochondria irradiated in vitro by helium‐neon laser. FEBS Lett 175, 95–99 (1984).
3. GORDON, S. A. & SURREY, K. Red and far-red action on oxidative phosphorylation. Radiat Res 12, 325–39 (1960).
4. de Freitas, L. F. & Hamblin, M. R. Proposed Mechanisms of Photobiomodulation or Low-Level Light Therapy. IEEE J Sel Top Quantum Electron 22, (2016).
5. Mester, E., Spiry, T. & Szende, B. Effect of laser rays on wound healing. Bull Soc Int Chir 32, 169–73 (1973).
6. Mester, E., Nagylucskay, S., Döklen, A. & Tisza, S. Laser stimulation of wound healing. Acta Chir Acad Sci Hung 17, 49–55 (1976).
7. Mitrofanis, J. & Jeffery, G. Does photobiomodulation influence ageing? Aging 10, 2224–2225 (2018).
8. Sivapathasuntharam, C., Sivaprasad, S., Hogg, C. & Jeffery, G. Aging retinal function is improved by near infrared light (670 nm) that is associated with corrected mitochondrial decline. Neurobiol Aging 52, 66–70 (2017).
9. Johnstone, D. M., Moro, C., Stone, J., Benabid, A.-L. & Mitrofanis, J. Turning On Lights to Stop Neurodegeneration: The Potential of Near Infrared Light Therapy in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Disease. Front Neurosci 9, 500 (2015).
10. Ferraresi, C., Hamblin, M. R. & Parizotto, N. A. Low-level laser (light) therapy (LLLT) on muscle tissue: performance, fatigue and repair benefited by the power of light. Photonics Lasers Med 1, 267–286 (2012).
11. Glass, G. E. Photobiomodulation: The Clinical Applications of Low-Level Light Therapy. Aesthet Surg J 41, 723–738 (2021).
12. Wunsch, A. & Matuschka, K. A controlled trial to determine the efficacy of red and near-infrared light treatment in patient satisfaction, reduction of fine lines, wrinkles, skin roughness, and intradermal collagen density increase. Photomed Laser Surg 32, 93–100 (2014).
13. Kim, S. K. et al. Skin photorejuvenation effects of light-emitting diodes (LEDs): a comparative study of yellow and red LEDs in vitro and in vivo. Clin Exp Dermatol 41, 798–805 (2016). 14. Barolet, D., Roberge, C. J., Auger, F. A., Boucher, A. & Germain, L. Regulation of skin collagen metabolism in vitro using a pulsed 660 nm LED light source: clinical correlation with a single-blinded study. J Invest Dermatol 129, 2751–9 (2009).tion
IR
SAUNA
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Heat therapy has long been known to elevate health, reduce stress, and elicit favorable physiological responses. Our Saunas use infrared heat, making the temperature more tolerable and enhancing the therapeutic experience. The use of infrared light provides the additional benefits of phototherapy which absorbs through the skin and stimulates the production of vitamin D and mood-altering hormones to create a relaxing, invigorating experience.
The use of sauna is a powerful tool to extend healthspan and promote anti-aging processes throughout the body. Sauna has been demonstrated to mimic physiological changes associated with exercise, induce production of longevity-related hormones, and heat shock proteins as well as protect against conditions associated with aging such as cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative disease, and loss of muscle mass. The scientific evidence supporting the efficacy of sauna therapy in extending healthspan and functional longevity is incredibly robust. -
(22) This review best describes the comprehensive benefits of sauna therapy to extend healthspan
(23–26) More convincing and comprehensive high-level evidence from observational, interventional, and mechanistic studies highlight the use of sauna in extending healthspan parameters including multiple recent reviews showing cardiovascular, neurological, and metabolic benefits from frequent sauna use
(27) In a Randomized Clinical Trial, repeated hyperthermia therapy (Sauna) reduced depression scores in participants suffering from anxiety & depression
(28–30) An ongoing prospective population-based cohort study of 2300+ men from Finland reported a dose-dependent risk reduction for cardiovascular disease mortality and all-cause mortality, age-related neurodegenerative conditions, and reduced risk of developing psychotic disorders (23-31-32) Sauna therapy induces expression of heat shock proteins and mitochondrial biogenesis which are critical cellular processes associated with lifespan extension
(33–36) Sauna use reduces inflammation and activates production of inflammation resolving factors that are disrupted during aging
(37)Sauna has been shown to elevate anti-aging hormones such as human growth hormone (HGH) and insulin-growth factor 1 (IGF-1) in skeletal muscle which promote regeneration and repair
(38) In professional athletes, infrared sauna use has been shown to enhance neuromuscular performance and recovery time between training sessions
(39) Similar to Red Light Therapy, infrared and near-infrared light stimulates skin cells and has been found to aid in wound healing and increase collagen production
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22. Patrick, R. P. & Johnson, T. L. Sauna use as a lifestyle practice to extend healthspan. Exp Gerontol 154, 111509 (2021).
23. Pizzey, F. K. et al. The effect of heat therapy on blood pressure and peripheral vascular function: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Exp Physiol 106, 1317–1334 (2021).
24. Hunt, A. P., Minett, G. M., Gibson, O. R., Kerr, G. K. & Stewart, I. B. Could Heat Therapy Be an Effective Treatment for Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Diseases? A Narrative Review. Front Physiol 10, (2020).
25. Ely, B. R., Clayton, Z. S., McCurdy, C. E., Pfeiffer, J. & Minson, C. T. Meta-inflammation and cardiometabolic disease in obesity: Can heat therapy help? Temperature 5, 9–21 (2018).
26. Brunt, V. E. & Minson, C. T. Heat therapy: mechanistic underpinnings and applications to cardiovascular health. J Appl Physiol 130, 1684–1704 (2021).
27. Janssen, C. W. et al. Whole-Body Hyperthermia for the Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder. JAMA Psychiatry 73, 789 (2016).
28. Laukkanen, T., Laukkanen, J. A. & Kunutsor, S. K. Sauna Bathing and Risk of Psychotic Disorders: A Prospective Cohort Study. Medical Principles and Practice 27, 562–569 (2018).
29. Laukkanen, T., Kunutsor, S., Kauhanen, J. & Laukkanen, J. A. Sauna bathing is inversely associated with dementia and Alzheimer’s disease in middle-aged Finnish men. Age Ageing 46, 245–249 (2017).
30. Laukkanen, T., Khan, H., Zaccardi, F. & Laukkanen, J. A. Association Between Sauna Bathing and Fatal Cardiovascular and All-Cause Mortality Events. JAMA Intern Med 175, 542 (2015).
31. Hafen, P. S., Preece, C. N., Sorensen, J. R., Hancock, C. R. & Hyldahl, R. D. Repeated exposure to heat stress induces mitochondrial adaptation in human skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol 125, 1447–1455 (2018).
32. Yamada, P. M., Amorim, F. T., Moseley, P., Robergs, R. & Schneider, S. M. Effect of heat acclimation on heat shock protein 72 and interleukin-10 in humans. J Appl Physiol 103, 1196–1204 (2007).
33. Windsor, M. T. et al. Cytokine Responses to Acute Exercise in Healthy Older Adults: The Effect of Cardiorespiratory Fitness. Front Physiol 9, (2018).
34. Raison, C. 419. Inflammation in Treatment Resistant Depression: Challenges and Opportunities. Biol Psychiatry 81, S171 (2017). 35. Hoekstra, S. P., Bishop, N. C. & Leicht, C. A. Elevating body termperature to reduce low-grade inflammation: a welcome strategy for those unable to exercise? Exerc Immunol Rev 26, 42–55 (2020).
36. Iguchi, M. et al. Heat Stress and Cardiovascular, Hormonal, and Heat Shock Proteins in Humans. J Athl Train 47, 184–190 (2012).
37. Yoshihara, T. et al. Heat stress activates the Akt/mTOR signalling pathway in rat skeletal muscle. Acta Physiologica 207, 416–426 (2013).
38. Henderson, K. N., Killen, L. G., O’Neal, E. K. & Waldman, H. S. The Cardiometabolic Health Benefits of Sauna Exposure in Individuals with High-Stress Occupations. A Mechanistic Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health 18, 1105 (2021).
39. Gupta, A., Dai, T. & Hamblin, M. R. Effect of red and near-infrared wavelengths on low-level laser (light) therapy-induced healing of partial-thickness dermal abrasion in mice. Lasers Med Sci 29, 257–65 (2014).
NAD+
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Heat therapy has long been known to elevate health, reduce stress, and elicit favorable physiological responses. Our Saunas use infrared heat, making the temperature more tolerable and enhancing the therapeutic experience. The use of infrared light provides the additional benefits of phototherapy which absorbs through the skin and stimulates the production of vitamin D and mood-altering hormones to create a relaxing, invigorating experience.
The use of sauna is a powerful tool to extend healthspan and promote anti-aging processes throughout the body. Sauna has been demonstrated to mimic physiological changes associated with exercise, induce production of longevity-related hormones, and heat shock proteins as well as protect against conditions associated with aging such as cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative disease, and loss of muscle mass. The scientific evidence supporting the efficacy of sauna therapy in extending healthspan and functional longevity is incredibly robust. -
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Item description
MILD HYPERBARIC
THERAPY
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Heat therapy has long been known to elevate health, reduce stress, and elicit favorable physiological responses. Our Saunas use infrared heat, making the temperature more tolerable and enhancing the therapeutic experience. The use of infrared light provides the additional benefits of phototherapy which absorbs through the skin and stimulates the production of vitamin D and mood-altering hormones to create a relaxing, invigorating experience.
The use of sauna is a powerful tool to extend healthspan and promote anti-aging processes throughout the body. Sauna has been demonstrated to mimic physiological changes associated with exercise, induce production of longevity-related hormones, and heat shock proteins as well as protect against conditions associated with aging such as cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative disease, and loss of muscle mass. The scientific evidence supporting the efficacy of sauna therapy in extending healthspan and functional longevity is incredibly robust. -
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-
Item description
GLUTATHIONE
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Heat therapy has long been known to elevate health, reduce stress, and elicit favorable physiological responses. Our Saunas use infrared heat, making the temperature more tolerable and enhancing the therapeutic experience. The use of infrared light provides the additional benefits of phototherapy which absorbs through the skin and stimulates the production of vitamin D and mood-altering hormones to create a relaxing, invigorating experience.
The use of sauna is a powerful tool to extend healthspan and promote anti-aging processes throughout the body. Sauna has been demonstrated to mimic physiological changes associated with exercise, induce production of longevity-related hormones, and heat shock proteins as well as protect against conditions associated with aging such as cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative disease, and loss of muscle mass. The scientific evidence supporting the efficacy of sauna therapy in extending healthspan and functional longevity is incredibly robust. -
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Item description
IV
DRIP
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Heat therapy has long been known to elevate health, reduce stress, and elicit favorable physiological responses. Our Saunas use infrared heat, making the temperature more tolerable and enhancing the therapeutic experience. The use of infrared light provides the additional benefits of phototherapy which absorbs through the skin and stimulates the production of vitamin D and mood-altering hormones to create a relaxing, invigorating experience.
The use of sauna is a powerful tool to extend healthspan and promote anti-aging processes throughout the body. Sauna has been demonstrated to mimic physiological changes associated with exercise, induce production of longevity-related hormones, and heat shock proteins as well as protect against conditions associated with aging such as cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative disease, and loss of muscle mass. The scientific evidence supporting the efficacy of sauna therapy in extending healthspan and functional longevity is incredibly robust. -
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Item description
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